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How does your body feel pain?

Your central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal nerves, is responsible for processing pain. Nerves constantly send messages between your body and brain. The brain acts as a control center, interpreting these messages and deciding if any action is needed. The sensation of pain arises from the brain's interpretation of these signals.

Sometimes, however, the brain's interpretation isn't accurate. You may feel pain even if there's no physical harm or damage to your body. Chronic pain can lead to changes in the brain and nervous system, causing the brain to continue sending pain signals even when no injury is present. This can make the signal pathway to the brain hypersensitive, amplifying the pain.

While we expect acute pain—such as from an injury—to decrease as the body heals, sometimes pain signals persist long after healing. These signals can be intense, difficult to stop, and may appear without any obvious cause.

Conditions like fibromyalgia and complex regional pain syndrome are examples of chronic pain disorders.

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**Managing Chronic Pain**

Chronic pain is a long-term condition that may not have a cure. For some individuals, the pain may gradually lessen over time. For others, adopting certain lifestyle changes can help manage and improve their quality of life while living with chronic pain.

Traditional treatments, such as pain medications, may offer only limited relief for some individuals.

You may have already experienced this if you've tried different medications and treatments with little success.

The best approach to managing chronic pain is to consult with a healthcare professional, who can help you identify the most effective strategies and techniques tailored to your needs.

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Earache

Earache is a common issue, especially in children. While it can be concerning, it is usually the result of a minor infection and often improves on its own within a few days without the need for treatment.

The pain can vary, feeling sharp, dull, or burning, and may be intermittent or constant. It can affect one or both ears.

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Feeling of Something in Your Throat (Globus)

Globus, also known as "globus sensation," is a symptom that makes it feel like there's a lump in your throat.

This sensation is typically not a cause for concern and is rarely linked to anything serious. It can result from various factors, such as increased muscle tension or throat irritation. One common cause of throat irritation is reflux.

Fortunately, there are simple steps you can take at home to manage your globus symptoms without needing to see a GP.

**Symptoms of Globus**

People experience globus in different ways, and it can manifest as:

- A feeling of tightness or pressure in the throat
- Mucus you can't seem to clear (catarrh)
- Discomfort in a specific area of the throat
- A sensation of something being stuck, like a lump in the throat

If you're experiencing this sensation but can still eat and drink normally and without pain, there's usually no need to worry.

Your symptoms may:

- Be more noticeable when swallowing saliva
- Worsen with stress or anxiety
- Fluctuate in intensity from day to day​

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 Nosebleeds: What You Need to Know

Nosebleeds are usually not serious and can often be managed at home. They involve bleeding from one or both nostrils, with the flow ranging from light to heavy. A nosebleed can last anywhere from a few seconds to over 15 minutes.

### How to Stop a Nosebleed

To manage a nosebleed:

1. **Sit down and lean forward:** This helps prevent swallowing blood. Pinch the soft part of your nose, just above your nostrils, firmly for at least 10-15 minutes.
2. **Breathe through your mouth:** Spit out any blood that enters your throat or mouth into a bowl. Avoid swallowing the blood.
3. **Apply a cold compress:** Place an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables wrapped in a towel on your forehead or the back of your neck.
4. **Stay upright:** Sitting up or standing helps lower the blood pressure in your nasal blood vessels, reducing further bleeding.

Most nosebleeds stop on their own, and medical attention is typically not required. However, if the bleeding persists or occurs frequently, you may need to consult a healthcare professional.​

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Sore Throat Remedies

Here are some ways to help relieve a sore throat:

- **Take ibuprofen or paracetamol**: Paracetamol is often better for children and those who can't take ibuprofen. (Children under 16 should never take aspirin.)
- **Stay hydrated**: Drink plenty of cool or warm fluids, but avoid very hot drinks.
- **Eat soft, cool foods**: These can be soothing for your throat.
- **Avoid smoking and smoky environments**: Smoke can irritate a sore throat.
- **Try lozenges or cold items**: Sucking on lozenges, hard candies, ice cubes, or ice lollies can help, but don't give young children small, hard items due to the risk of choking.
- **Gargle with warm, salty water**: This can help, though it’s not recommended for children.

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Tinnitus

Tinnitus refers to the perception of sounds that originate from within the body rather than an external source.

While it’s not usually an indication of a serious condition, it can improve on its own over time.

**Symptoms of Tinnitus**  
Although tinnitus is commonly described as a "ringing in the ears," the sounds experienced can vary. You might hear:

- Buzzing
- Humming
- Grinding
- Hissing
- Whistling
- Music or singing
- Rhythmic sounds in sync with your pulse

In addition, you might experience hearing loss or heightened sensitivity to everyday noises.

For some, tinnitus may be intermittent. However, it can significantly impact daily life, causing distress, difficulty concentrating, trouble sleeping (insomnia), and even depression.

In many cases, tinnitus improves gradually, either by disappearing entirely or as the body adjusts to the sound.

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Vertigo

Vertigo is not a condition on its own but rather a symptom of an underlying issue. It creates a sensation that either you or your surroundings are moving or spinning.

This sensation can range from mild to intense, sometimes making it hard to maintain balance or carry out everyday activities.

Vertigo may come on suddenly, lasting just a few seconds, or it can persist for much longer. In severe cases, symptoms may be continuous, lasting for several days and significantly disrupting daily life.

Common symptoms of vertigo include:

- Loss of balance, which may make standing or walking difficult
- Nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness

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BODY PARTS

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Swollen Glands

Swollen lymph nodes are often a sign of infection. In most cases, they resolve on their own within 1 to 2 weeks when caused by an infection.

However, in some instances, swollen lymph nodes may indicate a more serious condition and should be evaluated by a doctor

 

Allergies

Understanding Allergies

An allergy occurs when the body has an adverse reaction to a specific food or substance.

Allergies are quite common, affecting over 25% of people in the UK at some point in their lives. They are especially prevalent in children, although some childhood allergies may diminish with age, while others persist for life. Additionally, adults can develop new allergies to substances they were not previously allergic to.

Although having an allergy can be bothersome and disrupt daily life, most allergic reactions are mild and can be managed. Severe allergic reactions do occur, but they are relatively rare.

### Common Allergens
Substances that trigger allergic reactions are called allergens. Some of the most common allergens include:

- **Pollen** from grass and trees, which can cause hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
- **Dust mites**
- **Animal dander** (tiny skin or hair flakes)
- **Certain foods** such as nuts, fruit, shellfish, eggs, and cow’s milk
- **Insect stings and bites**
- **Medications**, including ibuprofen, aspirin, and some antibiotics
- **Latex**, found in products like gloves and condoms
- **Mould**, which releases airborne particles that can be inhaled
- **Household chemicals**, such as those in detergents and hair dyes

For individuals without allergies, these substances are usually harmless.

### Symptoms of Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions typically occur within minutes of exposure to an allergen. Common symptoms include:

- Sneezing
- Runny or blocked nose
- Red, itchy, watery eyes
- Wheezing and coughing
- Red, itchy rash
- Worsening of asthma or eczema symptoms

While most allergic reactions are mild, there is a risk of a severe, potentially life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. This condition requires immediate medical attention.

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Infections and poisoning

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Flu (Influenza)

Flu, also known as influenza, is a contagious viral infection that can occur throughout the year but is more prevalent during the winter months, hence the term "seasonal flu."

Flu viruses frequently mutate, which means you can catch the flu multiple times, as your immune system won't be naturally protected against new strains.

**Symptoms of the Flu**
Common symptoms of flu include:

- Sudden high fever
- Fatigue and weakness
- Headache
- Body aches and pains
- Dry, chesty cough
- Sore throat
- Trouble sleeping
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea or stomach discomfort
- Nausea or vomiting
- Chills
- Runny or blocked nose
- Sneezing

Children experience similar symptoms, but they may also suffer from ear pain and may be less active than usual.

Duration of Symptoms

Flu symptoms typically appear 1 to 3 days after infection. Most individuals start feeling better within a week. However, a persistent cough and fatigue may last for several more weeks.

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Kidneys, bladder and prostate

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Urinary Incontinence

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Urinary incontinence refers to the unintentional release of urine. This can occur during physical activities such as running, lifting weights, or even jumping on a trampoline.

While urinary incontinence can affect anyone, it is more common in women.

**More Information About Urinary Incontinence in Women**

Although it's a common issue, it shouldn't be considered a normal part of life. There are steps you can take to reduce the likelihood of experiencing urinary incontinence and to manage the symptoms.

How to Prevent Urinary Incontinence

There are several actions you can take to help lower the risk of developing urinary incontinence in the future:

- Strengthen your pelvic floor muscles with simple exercises.
- Stay physically active.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Limit or avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks such as coffee, tea, and certain soft drinks.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common conditions that affect the bladder, kidneys, and the connecting tubes. 

While anyone can develop a UTI, they are particularly prevalent in women, with some experiencing them frequently, known as recurrent UTIs.

Although UTIs can cause discomfort and pain, they typically resolve within a few days with antibiotic treatment.

This information focuses on UTIs in adults. 

Lungs and airways

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Catarrh

 

Catarrh refers to the excessive build-up of mucus (phlegm) in the airways, typically affecting the back of the nose, throat, or sinuses.

While often temporary, some individuals may experience it for months or even years, a condition known as chronic catarrh.

Although not harmful, treatments are available to alleviate the symptoms.

**Symptoms of Catarrh**
Catarrh can cause a range of symptoms, including:

- Constant urge to clear your throat
- Sensation of blockage in the throat
- Stuffy or blocked nose that doesn’t clear easily
- Runny nose
- Mucus draining down the back of the throat
- Persistent cough
- Headaches
- Facial pain
- Reduced sense of smell and taste
- Crackling in the ears and temporary hearing loss

These symptoms can be frustrating, potentially disturbing your sleep and leaving you feeling fatigued.

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Ankle Issues

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This information is helpful for individuals experiencing a new ankle problem. If you have already been diagnosed with an ankle condition or have recently undergone ankle surgery, it's important to follow your healthcare professional's guidance.

Common symptoms of ankle issues include:

- Pain
- Swelling
- Stiffness

In many cases, new pain or a flare-up of existing ankle problems may improve within six weeks without the need for medical intervention.

Can ankle pain lead to issues elsewhere?
You might experience discomfort in the muscles around your calf and foot, but this should ease as your ankle heals.

Ankle issues can also cause limping. If the limp is significant, using a walking stick on the side opposite to your injured ankle may provide relief.

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Back Problems

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This information may be helpful for individuals experiencing a new back issue. If you've been diagnosed with a back condition or have recently undergone back surgery, it's important to follow the guidance of your healthcare provider.

Back pain is a common occurrence and often arises without a clear cause. The spine is quite resilient, and serious disease or damage is rarely the reason for back problems.

Common symptoms of back issues include:

- Stiffness
- Muscle spasms
- Hot, burning, shooting, or stabbing pains in the back, which can sometimes radiate into one or both legs or feet
- Pins and needles, numbness, or weakness, often caused by nerve irritation

In many cases, new or flare-ups of existing back problems tend to improve within 6 weeks, without the need for medical intervention.

Typically, X-rays or MRI scans are not required for most cases of back pain.

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Elbow Issues: What to Know

This information is intended for individuals experiencing a new elbow issue. If you've been diagnosed with an elbow condition or recently had elbow surgery, it's important to follow the guidance of your healthcare provider.

Common symptoms of elbow problems include:

- Pain
- Stiffness
- Weakness

In many instances, new elbow pain or a flare-up of an existing condition tends to improve within six weeks, often without requiring medical intervention.

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Foot Problems

This information is intended for individuals experiencing a new foot issue. If you've been diagnosed with a foot condition or have recently undergone foot surgery, it's important to follow the guidance of your healthcare provider.

Foot problems may lead to various symptoms, such as:

- Pain
- Swelling
- Difficulty walking or limping

In most cases, new pain or a flare-up of an existing foot problem should start to improve within six weeks, often without the need to consult a healthcare professional.

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Hip Issues: What You Need to Know

If you're experiencing a new hip problem, this information may be helpful. However, if you've been diagnosed with a hip condition or have recently undergone hip surgery, it’s important to follow the guidance of your healthcare provider.

Common symptoms of hip problems include:

- Pain
- Stiffness
- Weakness

In many cases, new hip pain or flare-ups of chronic issues tend to improve within six weeks without needing medical intervention.

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Thigh Issues

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This information may be helpful for individuals experiencing a new thigh issue. If you have been diagnosed with a thigh condition or have recently undergone thigh surgery, it's important to follow the guidance provided by your healthcare professional.

Thigh problems can present with various symptoms, such as:

- Pain
- Swelling
- Bruising

In most cases, new pain or flare-ups of existing thigh problems typically improve within six weeks without requiring medical attention.

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Wrist, Hand, and Finger Issues

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This information is intended for individuals experiencing a new wrist, hand, or finger problem. If you have been diagnosed with a specific condition or recently undergone surgery in these areas, it's important to follow the guidance provided by your healthcare professional.

Wrist, hand, and finger issues can lead to various symptoms, such as:

- Pain
- Swelling and stiffness
- Pins and needles or numbness

In many cases, new discomfort or flare-ups of pre-existing wrist, hand, or finger issues tend to improve within six weeks without needing to consult a healthcare provider.

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Sexual and reproductive

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Bacterial Vaginosis

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Bacterial vaginosis is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection but rather an imbalance of the natural bacteria present in the vagina.

Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis

Many women may not experience any noticeable symptoms. However, some may observe changes in their vaginal discharge. Typically, the discharge may become white or grey, thin or watery, and carry a strong, unpleasant fishy odor. This odor can be more pronounced during or after sexual intercourse and menstruation.

Bacterial vaginosis generally does not cause itching or irritation.

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Genital Herpes

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Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV, both of which can affect the genital area.

This infection leads to painful blisters and sores on and around the genitals. It can also pose complications, particularly if contracted for the first time during pregnancy.

### Symptoms of Genital Herpes

Many individuals with the herpes virus are asymptomatic and may not realize they have it, making testing crucial if exposure is suspected. When symptoms do occur, they typically appear 2 to 12 days after exposure, though they can sometimes take months or even years to manifest.

Once infected, the virus remains in the body, often lying dormant for extended periods. It can reactivate in the original infection site, causing recurring sores and blisters. These flare-ups are known as "recurrent episodes." The first episode usually lasts between 2 to 4 weeks, but recurrent episodes are generally less severe and shorter in duration. Some individuals may never experience a recurrence.

#### First Episode Symptoms:
- Red bumps or spots around the genital area
- Pain inside the vagina, on the penis, or around the anus
- Vaginal discharge
- Painful urination or difficulty urinating
- Fever
- Flu-like symptoms: backache, headache, and high temperature
- Mild swelling of lymph nodes in the groin, armpits, and neck

#### Recurrent Episode Symptoms:
- Tingling or burning sensation before blisters form
- Painful red blisters that quickly burst, leaving ulcers
- Pain inside the vagina, on the penis, or around the anus

Getting tested and seeking treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further transmission.

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 Ovarian Cyst

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or inside an ovary. These cysts are quite common and often cause no noticeable symptoms.

In most cases, ovarian cysts are harmless and tend to disappear on their own within a few months without the need for treatment.

It’s normal for small cysts to develop in the ovaries. However, problems may arise if there are numerous cysts, if they persist, or if they grow unusually large.

Ovarian cysts can affect one or both ovaries at the same time.

Most ovarian cysts are discovered incidentally during a scan. They usually don't cause symptoms unless they are particularly large or abnormal.

Symptoms may occur if an ovarian cyst ruptures, grows significantly in size, or obstructs the blood supply to the ovary.

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Vaginal Discharge

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There are various reasons why you may experience vaginal discharge, and it doesn't necessarily indicate a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Discharge is typically not a cause for concern if it is:

- Odorless (no unpleasant smell)
- Clear or white
- Thick and sticky
- Slippery and wet

The amount of discharge can fluctuate. You may notice increased or more frequent discharge if you are:

- Pregnant
- Sexually active
- Using contraception, such as the pill

It's also normal to observe more slippery and wet discharge during ovulation.

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Skin, hair and nails

 

 Itchy Skin

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Itching, also known medically as pruritus, is an uncomfortable sensation that triggers the urge to scratch the affected area. It can occur on any part of the body and may present in two main forms:

In some cases, itching is accompanied by a rash or spots at the site. While mild itching is common and often temporary, it can sometimes become more intense and persistent, making it difficult and frustrating to manage.

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Itchy Bottom

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An itchy bottom refers to a strong urge to scratch the skin around the anus, which is the opening at the lower end of the digestive system where solid waste exits the body.

### Causes of Itchy Bottom

The exact cause of an itchy bottom isn't always clear. In many cases, it resolves on its own and may be triggered by temporary factors like increased sweating in hot weather.

It's uncommon for an itchy bottom to be a sign of a serious condition on its own. However, if the itch persists, other symptoms might offer clues about the cause. Even so, it’s important not to self-diagnose. If you have concerns, consult your GP for proper advice.

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Warts and Verruca's

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Warts are small, raised lumps that typically appear on the skin of the hands and feet. Their appearance can vary, and they may form individually or in clusters. While most people will experience warts at some point in their lives, they are more common in children and teenagers than in adults.

On darker skin, warts may look like white, raised circular spots with a rough texture. These growths are caused by certain strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV).

### Cause of Warts and Verrucas

Warts develop due to specific strains of HPV, which lead to an overproduction of keratin, a tough protein found in the skin's outer layer (epidermis). This excess keratin causes the rough, hard texture that characterizes warts.

### How Warts Spread

HPV is transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact or indirectly via contaminated objects such as:

- Towels
- Shoes
- Surrounding areas of swimming pools
- Floors of communal changing areas

The risk of infection increases if your skin is wet or damaged.

Warts can also spread to other parts of your body. You may transmit the virus if you:

- Scratch, knock, or bite a wart
- Bite your nails or suck your fingers if they have warts
- Shave over areas with warts, such as your face or legs

After contracting the virus, it may take weeks or even months for a wart or verruca to become visible.

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Stomach, liver and gastrointestinal tract

 

About Bowel Incontinence

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Bowel incontinence, also known as fecal incontinence, is the inability to control bowel movements, leading to unintentional soiling. The condition can vary in its severity and presentation. For some, it involves a sudden urge to use the toilet but being unable to reach one in time, known as urge incontinence. Others may have no warning before soiling, referred to as passive incontinence or passive soiling. In some cases, slight soiling occurs when passing gas.

Bowel incontinence may occur daily for some individuals, while others experience it only occasionally. It is estimated that 1 in 10 people will be affected at some point in their lives. While it can affect anyone, it is more common in older adults and tends to occur more frequently in women than men.

### Causes of Bowel Incontinence

Bowel incontinence is usually a symptom of an underlying medical condition. Common causes include diarrhea, constipation, or weakened muscles that control the anal opening. Additionally, long-term health conditions such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and dementia can contribute to the development of this condition.

### Seeking Help and Treatment

Although bowel incontinence can be distressing, effective treatments are available, and in many cases, a cure is possible. It is important to consult your GP if you experience this condition.

Key points to keep in mind:
- Bowel incontinence is a medical issue, much like diabetes or asthma, and there’s no need to feel embarrassed.
- There are many successful treatments for the condition.
- It is not a normal part of aging.
- It is unlikely to resolve on its own without treatment.

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 About Constipation

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Constipation is a widespread issue that can affect individuals of all ages. It typically involves not passing stools as often as usual or having difficulty fully emptying the bowel. 

Those with constipation may also experience stools that are hard, lumpy, and either unusually large or small in size. 

The severity of constipation varies between individuals. While many people experience it for a short period, for others, it can become a long-term (chronic) condition, causing significant discomfort, pain, and negatively impacting their quality of life.

### What Causes Constipation?

Pinpointing the exact cause of constipation can be challenging, but several factors are known to contribute to the condition, including:
- Insufficient dietary fiber intake, such as from fruits, vegetables, and cereals
- Changes in routine or eating habits
- Ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
- Side effects from certain medications
- Not drinking enough fluids
- Anxiety or depression

In children, constipation may result from a poor diet, fear of using the toilet, or challenges with toilet training.

### Who is Affected?

Constipation can affect babies, children, and adults. In the UK, it's estimated that 1 in 7 adults and up to 1 in 3 children experience constipation at any given time. The condition is twice as common in women as in men and tends to occur more frequently in older adults and during pregnancy.

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Flatulence (Farting) 

Flatulence, commonly known as farting, is the release of gas from the digestive system through the rectum. It's a normal bodily function experienced by everyone.

If you find that you're farting more frequently or your flatulence has a strong odor, there are steps you can take to manage it.

### Causes of Flatulence
When you eat, drink, or swallow saliva, you also take in small amounts of air, which accumulates in your digestive system. The body needs to expel this excess air, either by burping or farting. Additionally, gas can form as food is broken down during digestion.

### Causes of Excessive Flatulence
Excessive flatulence may result from:
- Swallowing more air than usual
- Consuming foods that are difficult to digest
- Digestive conditions such as indigestion or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Certain medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins, and some laxatives

If you're on medication, do not stop or adjust your dosage without consulting your doctor. Self-diagnosis is not recommended. Always seek professional advice.

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 About Indigestion

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Indigestion refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen (dyspepsia) or a burning sensation behind the breastbone (heartburn). These symptoms can occur together or independently and usually arise shortly after eating or drinking.

Common symptoms include:
- A feeling of fullness or bloating
- Nausea
- Belching
- Regurgitating food or fluid into the esophagus

Indigestion is a widespread issue that affects many people, though it is typically mild and occurs infrequently.

### Causes of Indigestion

Indigestion often happens when stomach acid comes into contact with the sensitive lining of the digestive tract (mucosa), causing irritation and inflammation, which can be painful. However, most people with indigestion don't have inflammation. Instead, their symptoms are thought to be due to increased sensitivity of the mucosa to acidity or stretching.

While indigestion is usually related to eating, it can also be triggered by other factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, pregnancy, stress, or certain medications.

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Vomiting in Adults

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Nausea and vomiting in adults are usually not serious and typically last for just 1 or 2 days. 

Vomiting is the body's natural response to expel harmful substances from the stomach or can occur as a reaction to irritation in the digestive system.

One of the most common causes of vomiting in adults is gastroenteritis, an infection of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria or viruses. This condition generally improves within a few days.

In some cases, vomiting may signal a more serious condition, such as appendicitis.

For information specific to vomiting in children and babies, please refer to a separate guide.

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